| Solar panel | Photovoltaic module are devices that convert sunlight to electricity using solar cells. They serve as an environmentally friendly and renewable energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar collector is a device that collects sunlight to produce heat, typically used for water heating or room heating applications. It effectively converts solar energy into thermal energy, decreasing reliance on traditional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Sun-powered thermal energy harnesses sunlight to generate warmth, which can be used for water heating systems, indoor heating, or electricity production. It is a renewable and renewable technology that reduces fossil fuel consumption and lowers carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a scenic seaside town in the county of West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a charming blend of beaches with soft sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic nation in the UK known for its abundant cultural traditions, famous sights, and vibrant urban areas like the capital. It boasts a mixed terrain of gentle slopes, old castles, and busy metropolitan areas that blend history with contemporary advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Daylight is the organic light emitted by the sun, vital for existence on Earth as it offers fuel for photosynthesis and affects climate and weather patterns. It also contributes to our well-being by controlling our circadian rhythms and enhancing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electromagnetic energy is a form of energy due to the flow of ions, primarily electrons. It drives countless appliances and infrastructures, facilitating today’s lifestyle and tech innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts solar radiation directly into power using photovoltaic panels composed of semi-conductor materials. It is a renewable power source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate ecological footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are fundamental particles with a opposite electric charge that orbit the nucleus of an atom, playing a key role in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions determine the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the one-way stream of electric charge, usually produced by battteries, electrical sources, and photovoltaic cells. It provides a steady voltage or current, causing it necessary for electronic devices and low-voltage applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A power source is a instrument that holds chemical energy and transforms it into electrical energy to operate various digital equipment. It comprises one or more galvanic cells, each housing electrode pairs separated by an electrolyte. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An photovoltaic system converts sunlight directly into power using photovoltaic panels composed of solar cells. It is an environmentally friendly power solution that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and promotes renewable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar power converter is a unit that transforms direct current (DC) generated by solar panels into alternating current (AC) fit for domestic use and grid connection. It plays a crucial role in maximizing energy efficiency and guaranteeing reliable, consistent power output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | Alternating current is an electric current that flips direction periodically, generally used in home and business power supplies. It enables effective transmission of electricity over long distances and is characterized by its voltage and current waveforms, typically sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge controller is a device that controls the voltage and current coming from a solar panel to prevent batteries from overcharging and damage. It ensures optimal energy flow and prolongs the lifespan of the battery system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measurement device is a tool used to ascertain the extent, volume, or intensity of something accurately. It includes gadgets like rulers, thermometers, and manometers that provide accurate readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a device that automatically the orientation of solar panels to monitor the sun's movement across the day, increasing energy absorption. This innovation enhances the efficiency of solar power systems by maintaining maximum sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar farms are huge plants that utilize sunlight to create electricity using a multitude of solar panels. They supply a green and sustainable energy resource, reducing reliance on non-renewable energy sources and lowering pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Solar power from rooftops involves installing photovoltaic cells on building roofs to create electricity from sunlight. This renewable energy source helps minimize reliance on non-renewable fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | A grid-integrated solar energy setup converts sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a eco-friendly energy solution. It boosts energy efficiency and decreases reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to take advantage of potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, CH4, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like fossil fuel combustion and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar power satellite is an orbiting platform equipped with photovoltaic panels that absorb sunlight and transform into electrical energy. This electricity is then transmitted wirelessly to our planet for use as a clean, renewable power source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home energy storage systems store excess electricity generated from renewable sources or the grid for future use, improving energy independence and effectiveness. These systems generally use batteries to provide backup energy, lower energy expenses, and assist grid reliability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The history of solar panels documents the advancement and innovations in photovoltaic technology from the early finding of the solar effect to current high-performance solar arrays. It features major breakthroughs, including the creation of the first silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and continuous advances that have significantly improved energy conversion and cost efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Becquerel was a French physicist famous for his groundbreaking work in the study of the photovoltaic effect and luminescent phenomena. His experiments laid the foundation for grasping how illumination interacts with particular materials to create electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Smith was a British electrician and scientist known for finding out the photoconductivity of selenium in 1873. His research formed the basis for the creation of the photoconductive cell and progress in initial photography and electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an free framework used for automating web browsers, enabling testers to simulate user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and browsers, making it a flexible tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a UK scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optics, particularly the discovery of the polarization of light reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic waves and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was indeed an United States creator who developed the earliest working selenium solar cell in 1883. His innovative work laid the foundation for the current photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-burning power plant generates electricity by combusting coal to produce vapor that rotates turbines connected to generators. This process releases significant amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an United States scientist credited with discovering the solar cell and improving the understanding of semiconductors. His work paved the way for modern solar power technology and the creation of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a renowned R&D organization traditionally associated with AT&T, known for groundbreaking innovations in communications, computing, and materials science. It has been the origin of numerous groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and number 14, famous for its crucial role in the production of electronics and solar modules. It is a solid, brittle solid solid with a blue-grey shine, mainly utilized as a semi-conductor in the technology sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A small inverter is a little device installed on each photovoltaic panel to convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) at the location. This method enhances system efficiency, enables better performance oversight, and improves energy production in solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar panel is a component that converts sunlight immediately into electricity through the solar energy process. It is commonly used in solar panels to offer a sustainable and eco-friendly energy resource. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system converts sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a green energy technology that delivers sustainable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon serves as a fundamental particle representing a quantum of light plus other electromagnetic radiation, transporting energy and momentum and energy without possessing rest mass. It serves a key role in the connections between matter and electromagnetic fields, allowing phenomena including reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The photovoltaic effect is the phenomenon by which certain materials transform sunlight immediately into electricity through the generation of charge carriers. This phenomenon is the basic foundation behind solar cell technology, enabling the utilization of solar energy for power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electronics is a slim slice of semiconductor material, usually silicon, used as the foundation for fabricating integrated circuits. It serves as the foundational platform where integrated circuits are built through processes like doping, etching, and lamination. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a extremely pure form of silicon used predominantly in the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells and electronic devices due to its superb semiconductor properties. Its structured, neat crystal lattice enables effective electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are a type of solar power system characterized by their lightweight, bendable structure, and ability to be produced on large surfaces at a lower cost. They use thin semiconductor layers only a few micrometers thick to convert sunlight into electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the permanent forces exerted by the weight of building components and stationary equipment, while live loads are movable forces such as users, furniture, and environmental factors. Both are critical considerations in structural design to ensure safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits connect components sequentially, so the identical current flows through all devices, while parallel circuits join components across the identical voltage source, permitting several paths for current. These layouts influence the circuit's total resistance, current distribution, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrical energy refers to the velocity at which electric power flows by an electrical circuit, mainly utilized for powering devices and appliances. Created through various sources such as carbon-based fuels, atomic energy, and green energy, and fundamental for modern life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A measure of power is a standard of power in the metric system, indicating the rate of energy transfer or transformation. It is equivalent to one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electric voltage difference between two points, which drives the stream of electric current in a circuit. It is measured in volts (V) and represents the energy per unit charge ready to transport electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A volt is the base unit of voltage, potential difference, and voltage in the SI system. It measures the potential energy per charge unit between points in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric current is the passage of electricity through a metal wire, usually measured in A. It is necessary for energizing electronic equipment and enabling the functioning of electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere is the unit of electric current in the International System of Units, symbolized as A. It measures the movement of electrical charge through a wire over a time span. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load indicates the level of electrical power or current demanded by appliances and Electrical load in a circuit. It affects the configuration and capacity of power systems to maintain reliable and cost-effective energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A electrical box is an electrical casing used to protect wire connections, providing a main hub for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures organized and safe connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 is a conventional photovoltaic connector used to link solar panels in a reliable and dependable manner. It features a snap-in design with waterproof sealing, providing durability and optimal electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power provides a easy and consistent method of delivering electrical energy to devices through universal ports. It is often used for powering and supplying a wide range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A energy inverter is a unit that transforms DC from supplies like batteries or photovoltaic arrays into alternating current (AC) suitable for home devices. It enables the use of standard electrical devices in environments where only DC power is accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | An battery pack functions as a collection of multiple individual batteries assembled to store and supply electrical energy for different devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar panel tracking solutions automatically adjust the orientation of photovoltaic panels to monitor the sun’s path throughout the 24 hours, maximizing power intake. This system boosts the performance of solar power gathering by maintaining ideal panel positioning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a approach used to maximize the power output of solar energy systems by regularly modifying the working point to match the optimal power point of the photovoltaic modules. This process ensures the best performance energy extraction, especially under changing weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | An power optimizer is a device used in solar energy systems to boost energy output by separately enhancing the performance of each solar panel. It increases overall system efficiency by cutting down on energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar power performance monitor is a tool that tracks and examines the performance of solar power systems in live, offering valuable data on energy generation and system condition. It aids optimize solar energy output by identifying problems ahead of time and securing optimal performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Lightweight solar cells are flexible, versatile photovoltaic devices made by depositing thin layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a affordable and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in multiple portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Photovoltaic cells convert sun rays directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, making them a renewable energy source. They are frequently used in photovoltaic modules to power homes, electronic gadgets, and full solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a substance composed of many minute silicon lattice structures, frequently used in photovoltaic panels and chip fabrication. Its production involves melting and recrystallizing silicon to create a high-purity, polycrystalline type appropriate for electronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Single-crystal silicon is a ultra-pure type of silicon with a uniform crystal structure, making it very effective for use in solar panels and electronics. Its homogeneous formation allows for enhanced charge movement, resulting in superior performance compared to alternative silicon forms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics represent a kind of thin-film solar technology that offers a cost-effective and efficient option for massive solar energy harvesting. They are known as their high absorption capability and comparatively reduced manufacturing expenses compared to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are flexible photovoltaic devices that employ a composite compound of Cu, indium, gallium, and selenium to convert sunlight into electricity efficiently. They are recognized for their high light capturing effectiveness, flexibility, and potential for portable, economical solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Non-crystalline silicon is a disordered atomic arrangement, making it easier to handle and more straightforward to layer than structured silicon. It is frequently used in thin-film solar cells and electronic systems due to its economic advantage and versatile features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Next-generation photovoltaic cells aim to surpass traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing cutting-edge materials and innovative techniques such as multi-layered stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on optimizing energy conversion, cutting costs, and broadening applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-junction solar cells are cutting-edge photovoltaic devices that employ multiple p-n junctions arranged together to capture a broader spectrum of the solar spectrum, significantly enhancing their efficiency. These are mostly employed in space satellites and high-efficiency solar power installations due to their excellent energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar panels are essential devices that generate solar radiation into electric power to operate onboard systems. Usually lightweight, long-lasting, and designed to operate efficiently in the harsh environment of space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are compounds composed of multiple elements, typically involving a metallic element and a non-metallic element, used in fast electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer better performance in applications such as laser devices, LEDs, and high-frequency switching devices compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | Gallium arsenide is a compound semiconductor recognized for its excellent electron mobility and efficiency in high-speed and optoelectronic applications. It is often used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | Concentrator photovoltaics employ focusing elements or mirrors to direct sunlight onto very efficient multi-band solar cells, substantially improving energy conversion efficiency. This technique is perfect for large-scale solar power plants in zones with sunny sunlight, offering a cost-effective option for high-demand energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Ultralight silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its slim and flexible form factor. It offers a economical alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in BIPV and portable power sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS thin-film solar cell utilize a delicate coating of CuInGaSe2 as the light-absorbing layer, known for excellent energy conversion and flexibility. They offer a portable, cost-effective alternative to conventional silicon PV modules with excellent performance in different weather scenarios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film refers to a delicate layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in diverse technological applications. These films are important in electronic devices, light manipulation, and films for their particular physical and chemical characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Rooftop solar PV systems harness sunlight to generate electricity directly on rooftops of buildings, providing a sustainable and cost-effective energy solution. They help decrease use of fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to green initiatives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A thin film is a layer of compound spanning fractions of a nanometer to multiple micrometers in dimension, often applied to surfaces for functional purposes. These coatings are used in diverse fields, including electronic devices, optics, and medical applications, to modify surface characteristics or develop particular device features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nano units are measurement units the same as one-billionth of a meter, commonly used to illustrate extremely small distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are crucial in disciplines including nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for measuring structures and particles at the nano dimension. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Calipers are precision measuring instruments used to accurately measure small distances or widths, commonly in manufacturing and manufacturing. They feature a scaled screw system that allows for exact readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon slice is a slender, circular segment of silicon crystal used as the substrate for manufacturing semiconductor devices. It acts as the core material in the creation of ICs and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide-based solar panels are thin-film photovoltaic devices known for their superior output and bendability, ideal for diverse applications. They use a multilayer semiconductor architecture that converts sunlight directly into electrical energy with outstanding efficiency in low-light conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon is a kind of silicon used in solar cells, characterized by its several crystal grains that give it a grainy appearance. It is recognized for being affordable and having a comparatively high efficiency in transforming sunlight into power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Photovoltaic systems convert sunlight directly into power using PV cells, providing a green energy source for home, business, and large-scale applications. They deliver a eco-friendly, sustainable, and economical way to decrease reliance on non-renewable energy sources and lower CO2 emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compound as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a solar energy device that converts sunlight into power using a light-sensitive dye to absorb light and create electron flow. It offers a cost-effective and flexible alternative to standard silicon-based solar cells, with opportunity for see-through and thin applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot solar cell cells utilize nanosized semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and energy conversion through quantum confinement effects. This approach offers the potential for cost-effective, flexible, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic PV cells are solar cells that use carbon-based compounds, to turn solar radiation into electric power. They are lightweight, pliable, and enable lower-cost, broad solar power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide is a potential electronic material used in laminate solar modules due to its plentiful and harmless elements. Its excellent photo-electronic properties make it an desirable alternative for eco-friendly photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics solar-integrated building systems seamlessly incorporate photovoltaic technology into the design of architectural elements, such as roof surfaces, facades, and fenestration. This modern approach enhances energy efficiency while maintaining aesthetic appeal and structural performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to pass through a material with little distortion, making objects behind clearly visible. Translucency permits light to scatter through, hiding detailed view but yet still permitting shapes and light to penetrate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window film installation involves the process of applying a thin film to the interior or exterior of cars or structures panes to cut down on glare, heat, and UV rays. It boosts privacy, enhances energy efficiency, and provides a stylish aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A collection of PV power stations overview various extensive solar energy facilities around the world, showcasing their output and sites. These facilities serve a important role in renewable energy generation and worldwide efforts to reduce carbon releases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic power stations are large-scale facilities that convert sunlight directly into electricity using solar modules. They are essential in clean energy production, lessening dependence on fossil fuels, and cutting emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Eco concerns encompass a wide range of problems such as waste, climate change, and forest loss that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires joint initiatives to promote sustainable practices and protect wild habitats. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Sustainable power comes from eco-friendly origins that are constantly replenished, such as solar radiation, air currents, and hydroelectric power. It offers a eco-friendly alternative to non-renewable energy sources, decreasing ecological footprint and supporting lasting energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-sustainable energy resources, such as bituminous coal, crude oil, and fossil gas, are finite resources formed over millions of years and are consumed when used. They are the primary power sources for electricity generation and mobility but pose ecological and sustainability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electrical energy creation involves converting various energy sources such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear energy, and sustainable resources into electrical energy. This process usually takes place in electricity plants where turbines, alternators, and generators work together to produce power for distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are thick, poisonous elements such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenide that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar panel effectiveness measures how well a solar cell generates sunlight into convertible power. Boosting this efficiency is essential for maximizing renewable energy generation and decreasing reliance on non-renewable resources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when radiation shining on a metal ejects electrons from that surface, demonstrating the particle-like behavior of light. This event provided critical proof for the development of quantum mechanics by showing that light energy is quantified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Accelerated life testing involves placing products to higher-than-normal stresses to rapidly assess their durability and forecast their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps detect potential failures and boost product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The increase of photovoltaics has quickened rapidly over the past ten years, driven by innovations and reducing prices. This expansion is revolutionizing the international energy scene by boosting the percentage of renewable solar power in electricity generation processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar refers to large solar power plants designed to generate electricity on a commercial scale, supplying power directly to the grid. These sites typically cover vast areas and utilize solar panels or solar thermal systems to produce renewable energy efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A lens is a clear instrument that bends light to bring together or separate rays, producing images. It is commonly used in devices like photographic devices, glasses, and microscopes to adjust light for improved vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the measure between an incoming light ray and the perpendicular line perpendicular to the surface at the contact point. It controls how light interacts with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a delicate film applied to lens surfaces to minimize reflections and increase light flow. It boosts the sharpness and brightness of optical devices by cutting down on stray reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Negative interference occurs when two waves meet in a manner that that their amplitude levels cancel each other out, leading to a decrease or total eradication of the combined wave. This occurrence generally happens when the waves are phase-shifted by 180 degrees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | AC refers to an electric current that alternates direction, commonly employed in power supply systems. Its voltage varies sinusoidally over time, enabling effective conveyance over long distances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A microinverter is a miniature component used to transform DC from a individual solar panel into alternating current (AC) suitable for household use. It enhances system efficiency by optimizing power output at the module level and simplifies setup and service. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | Alternating current power, or AC power, is electrical power delivered through a network where the voltage and electric flow periodically reverse direction, enabling cost-effective transmission over long distances. It is generally used in homes and industries to operate multiple appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC connector is a type of electrical plug used to provide DC energy from a energy source to an device. It generally consists of a tube-shaped plug and receptacle that guarantee a firm and trustworthy link for various electronic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Laboratories is a international safety certification body that tests and approves products to ensure they comply with certain security standards. It assists consumers and companies identify reliable and secure products through rigorous evaluation and examination procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series-connected circuits are electrical circuits in which parts are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current. In this setup, the constant current passes through all parts, and the total voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electronic circuits where components are connected across the same voltage source, offering multiple routes for current flow. This arrangement allows components to operate separately, with the total current divided among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | An diode acts as a solid-state device that allows current to flow in a single sense only, serving as a single-direction valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in circuit circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An vehicle auxiliary power outlet is a socket, typically 12V, designed to supply electrical power for multiple devices and add-ons inside a automobile. It allows users to recharge electronic electronics or run small devices during on the move. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a technology for linking peripherals to computing systems, enabling information exchange and power delivery. It supports a wide range of hardware such as input devices, pointer devices, external storage devices, and smartphones, with different revisions providing faster speeds and improved performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency relates to the portion of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell transforms into usable energy. Improving this efficiency plays a key role in increasing energy generation and making solar power economical and eco-friendly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The NREL is a U.S. DOE federal research facility dedicated to research and development in green energy and energy efficiency technologies. It aims to advance innovations in solar power, wind power, biomass energy, and additional renewable sources to support a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses the entire range of EM radiation, spanning from radio waves to gamma rays, all possessing varied lengths and power. This spectrum is fundamental to many technologies and natural events, allowing communication, diagnostic imaging, and understanding of the universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | UV light is a kind of electromagnetic radiation with a wave length shorter than visible light but longer than X ray radiation, primarily produced by the solar radiation. It has a key role in processes like vitamin D synthesis but can also cause skin harm and skin aging caused by light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a category of electromagnetic wave with longer wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Monochromatic refers to a color scheme based on shades of a individual hue, using various shades, tints, and tones to create balance and connexion. This design approach emphasizes minimalism and sophistication by maintaining consistent color elements throughout a composition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the intensity of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, typically measured in watts per square meter. It is a crucial parameter in areas like solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, demonstrating the strength of sunlight reaching a particular zone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a unit of measurement used to quantify the magnitude of energy or energy flow received or emitted over a particular area, often in areas such as meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It helps in grasping the dispersion and movement of power across areas, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the range of different hues or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, visible or otherwise. It is frequently used to depict the spread of light or signal frequencies in different scientific and technological contexts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a substantial body of atmosphere with comparatively even thermal and moisture features, deriving from from certain origin zones. These air masses impact weather systems and atmospheric states as they pass through different regions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Sun's energy output is the assessment of the energy per unit area received from the Sun in the manner of solar rays. It varies with solar activity and atmospheric factors on Earth, affecting weather patterns and weather patterns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Soiling in solar power refers to the accumulation of dirt, and impurities on the panels of solar panels, which diminishes their output. Consistent upkeep and servicing are essential to reduce energy decrease and ensure maximum performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage refers to the maximum voltage accessible from a power source when current flow is absent, spanning its terminals. It represents the potential difference of a device when it has been disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current represents the maximum electrical current that flows through a circuit when a low-resistance connection, or short circuit, occurs, skipping the normal load. It presents a major safety hazard and can cause damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a assessment of the peak power capacity of a solar module under ideal sunlight conditions. It shows the module's peak ability to produce electricity in typical testing setups . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an electrical instrument used to measure the voltage between separate points in a circuit. It is widely employed in different electrical and electronic fields to ensure proper voltage measurements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a phenomenon in solar modules where high voltage stress causes a substantial reduction in power generation and performance. It occurs due to leakage current and ion migration within the solar cell materials, leading to degradation over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is considered a semi-metal chemical element crucial for plant development and applied in various industrial applications, such as glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It exhibits special chemical traits that render it valuable in creating durable, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports photovoltaic modules, ensuring perfect tilt and alignment for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand external conditions while providing a robust and long-lasting foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar-powered power plant captures sunlight using vast groups of photovoltaic panels to create renewable electricity. It offers an eco-friendly energy source, cutting down reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the integrated approach of employing land for both solar energy generation and agriculture, making the most of space and resources. This approach boosts crop production while at the same time generating renewable energy, fostering sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial photovoltaic cells are solar panels able to absorb sunlight on both sides, boosting overall energy output. They are typically mounted in a way that improves effectiveness by leveraging albedo effect and bounced sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar-powered canopy is a framework that provides cover while producing electricity through built-in solar panels. It is often installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to merge environmental benefits with functional design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar array is a assembly of numerous photovoltaic modules arranged to produce electricity from sunlight. It is frequently used in sustainable power systems to generate renewable, eco-friendly power for different applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A outdoor cover is a construction that delivers shade and shelter from the weather for outdoor living spaces. It boosts the functionality and aesthetic appeal of a terrace, making it a cozy area for rest and entertainment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the angle between the vertical direction directly overhead and the line of sight to a heavenly body. It is applied in astronomy and meteorology to describe the position of objects in the sky relative to an observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The compass bearing is a horizontal angle measured clockwise a reference direction, typically true north, to the line connecting an surveyor to a target object. It is often used in routing, mapping, and celestial observation to specify the orientation of an object in relation to the viewer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as fall hazards and electrical shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to rough climate and potential bodily injuries pose significant occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a semiconductor substance extensively utilized in thin film solar panels due to its high efficiency and cost efficiency. It demonstrates outstanding optical properties, making it a common choice for photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An catalog of photovoltaics companies highlights the major manufacturers and suppliers focused on solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions across the globe. These companies are essential in promoting solar energy adoption and advancement across various markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a quantity of electricity equal to a billion watts, used to quantify big power generation production and utilization. It is generally associated with electricity stations, power grids, and large-scale energy initiatives worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar Inc is a international leader in photovoltaic (PV) power solutions, expert in making thin-film solar panels that provide excellent efficiency and economical power output. The organization is dedicated to eco-friendly renewable energy advancement and cutting down the global dependence on fossil fuels through advanced solar solar innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology specializes in effortlessly integrating various components of industrial and automation systems to enhance efficiency and trustworthiness. It concentrates on creating innovative solutions that facilitate efficient communication and compatibility among diverse tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is an leading China's firm focused on manufacturing and innovating photovoltaic solar goods and services. Famous for state-of-the-art tech and sustainable energy initiatives in the renewable energy sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a measurement of power equal to 1,000,000,000 watts, often employed to represent the potential of large-scale electricity production or usage. It underscores the vast energy scale involved in contemporary energy infrastructure and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Learning curve effects refer to the phenomenon where the production cost drops as overall production increases, due to gaining knowledge and optimization gained over time. This concept highlights the significance of stored knowledge in lowering costs and improving productivity in production and other procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaics convert sunlight straight into electricity using semiconductor substances, primarily silicon. This method is a clean, green energy source that helps cut down reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the price of creating solar or wind energy becomes equivalent to or lower than the cost of purchasing power from the electric grid. Achieving grid parity indicates that renewable energy sources are cost-effectively comparable with fossil fuel-based coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity is the standard electrical power supplied to residences and businesses through a system of power lines, providing a reliable source of energy for various appliances. It usually operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, based on the nation, and is transmitted through alternating current (AC). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) refers to all parts of a solar power system excluding the photovoltaic panels, comprising inverters, racking, wiring, and other electrical hardware. It is essential for guaranteeing the efficient and reliable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Sunlight is harnessed from the solar radiation using photovoltaic panels to produce electricity or through solar thermal systems to generate heat. It represents a sustainable, renewable, and environmentally friendly power supply that limits the use of fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are widely utilized in domestic, corporate, and factory environments to generate renewable, renewable electricity from sunlight. They also power remote and off-grid locations, providing renewable energy solutions where standard power grids are not accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A list of solar energy items features a range of tools that utilize sunlight to generate energy, encouraging environmentally friendly and sustainable living. These solutions include covering solar chargers and lights to appliances and outdoor gear, offering flexible solutions for power needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An solar power plant is a facility that generates sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels. It is a sustainable energy source that supports lowering reliance on fossil fuels and limits greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems merge solar panels with additional energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to deliver a reliable and efficient power supply. They enhance energy use by allocating renewable resources and backup options, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | CPV employ lenses or mirrors focusing sunlight on advanced solar cells, greatly enhancing power output using a smaller area. This approach works well in areas with direct, strong sunlight plus, it offers a promising approach to reducing expenses related to solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
