| Solar panel | Solar panel act as devices that transform sunlight to electricity using photovoltaic cells. They are an green and alternative energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar heat collector is a system that collects sunlight to produce heat, generally used for hot water production or room heating applications. It successfully converts solar energy into thermal energy, reducing reliance on standard energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar heat harnesses sun rays to generate thermal energy, which can be used for hot water production, indoor heating, or electricity generation. It is a renewable and renewable technology that reduces fossil fuel consumption and lowers GHG emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a picturesque seaside town in the county of West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a delightful blend of sandy beaches, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | England is a historic and historic-influenced country in the UK known for its rich cultural heritage, iconic landmarks, and bustling cities like London. It boasts a mixed landscape of rolling hills, old castles, and busy metropolitan areas that mix heritage with contemporary advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Daylight is the natural radiance emitted by the sun, vital for living organisms on Earth as it offers energy for photosynthesis and influences climate and weather patterns. It also adds to our well-being by controlling our circadian rhythms and boosting vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electricity is a form of energy generated by the movement of charged particles, primarily negatively charged particles. It fuels countless systems and infrastructures, supporting today’s lifestyle and tech innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts solar radiation directly into power using solar panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a sustainable power source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are fundamental particles with a negative electric charge that surround the nucleus of an atom, playing a key role in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions determine the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | Direct current is the one-way flow of electric charge, usually produced by batteries, electrical sources, and solar cells. It provides a consistent voltage or current, rendering it necessary for electronic devices and low-voltage applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A power source is a instrument that accumulates chemical energy and transforms it into current to operate various electronic gadgets. It consists of several galvanic cells, each housing electrode pairs divided by an electrolyte. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A photovoltaic system converts sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is an environmentally friendly power option that minimizes reliance on fossil fuels and promotes sustainable power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar inverter is a device that changes DC created by solar panels into AC appropriate for home use and grid integration. It plays a crucial role in maximizing energy efficiency and ensuring safe, dependable energy output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that reverses polarity cyclically, usually used in home and business power supplies. It allows for optimal transmission of electricity over extended spans and is characterized by its voltage and current waveforms, commonly sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A power management device is a device that controls the voltage level and electric current coming from a solar panel to prevent batteries from excess charging and harm. It provides optimal energy flow and extends the lifespan of the battery system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A survey tool is a instrument used to measure the size, volume, or level of something accurately. It includes instruments like rulers, thermometers, and pressure gauges that provide exact readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a mechanism that instantaneously its orientation of solar panels to monitor the sun's movement throughout the day, increasing energy absorption. This system enhances the efficiency of solar power systems by keeping best sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar power plants are huge facilities that capture sunlight to generate electricity using numerous solar panels. They offer a green and eco-friendly energy power, decreasing reliance on carbon-based fuels and lowering pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Rooftop solar power involves setting up photovoltaic cells on roofs of buildings to generate electricity from sunlight. This green energy source helps minimize reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-tied solar power system changes sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a eco-friendly energy solution. It enhances energy efficiency and decreases reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to gain potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like burning fossil fuels and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A space-based solar power system is an spacecraft equipped with solar panels that absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity. This power is then beamed to Earth for use as a clean, renewable power source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home energy storage systems retain excess power generated from renewable sources or the grid for future use, improving energy self-sufficiency and effectiveness. These systems typically utilize batteries to provide backup energy, reduce energy costs, and aid grid stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The timeline of photovoltaic cells chronicles the development and improvements in solar energy tech from the initial discovery of the solar effect to contemporary high-performance solar arrays. It showcases major innovations, including the development of the first silicon solar cell in 1954 and ongoing developments that have greatly boosted energy conversion and cost efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a French-born scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of the photovoltaic effect and luminescence. His tests laid the groundwork for understanding how illumination interacts with certain substances to generate electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Smith was a British electrician and scientist known for discovering the photo-conductive property of selenium in 1873. His work laid the foundation for the creation of the photoconductive cell and progress in initial photography and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an free framework used for automated testing of web browsers, enabling testers to simulate user interactions and test web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and web browsers, making it a flexible tool for test automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of light reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic waves and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was indeed an United States inventor who developed the earliest working selenium solar cell in 1883. His innovative work set the basis for the current photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-powered power plant generates electricity by firing coal to produce vapor that drives turbines connected to generators. This process releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with identifying the solar cell and enhancing the understanding of semiconductor. His work paved the way for modern solar power technology and the development of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a renowned research and development entity traditionally associated with AT&T, known for leading innovations in telecommunications, computer science, and materials science. It has been the birthplace of numerous groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14, well known for its essential role in the fabrication of electronic components and solar panels. It is a solid, brittle solid solid with a steel-gray shine, mainly utilized as a electronic component in the tech industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A small inverter is a small device installed on each solar panel to change direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) locally. This method increases system performance, allows for enhanced system tracking, and boosts power output in solar energy setups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar module is a device that turns sunlight straight into electricity through the solar energy process. It is frequently used in solar panels to supply a renewable and eco-friendly energy resource. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | An PV (photovoltaic) system converts over sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a renewable energy technology that delivers sustainable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | A photon serves as a elementary particle representing a packet of light as well as other electromagnetic radiation, carrying with it energy and momentum and energy without containing rest mass. It serves a important role in the relations between matter and electromagnetic fields, allowing phenomena including reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The PV effect is the phenomenon by which specific substances transform sunlight straight into electricity through the production of electron-hole pairs. This phenomenon is the fundamental principle behind photovoltaic technology, facilitating the utilization of solar sunlight for power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electrical engineering is a fine slice of chip material, typically silicon, used as the foundation for fabricating integrated circuits. It functions as the primary platform where integrated circuits are built through methods like doping, etching, and coating. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a super pure form of silicon used predominantly in the manufacturing of solar panels and electronic components due to its excellent semiconductor properties. Its structured, orderly crystal lattice enables optimal electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin-film photovoltaic devices are a type of solar power system characterized by their light, pliable configuration, and ability to be fabricated over extensive surfaces at a lower cost. They use strata of semiconductor substances a few micrometers thick to convert sunlight into electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the permanent forces exerted by the weight of building components and permanent equipment, while live loads are movable forces such as occupants, fixtures, and external influences. Both are critical considerations in building planning to guarantee safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits connect components in a line, so the identical current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits connect components across the same voltage source, permitting multiple paths for current. These layouts influence the circuit's overall resistance, current distribution, and voltage drops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrification is the velocity at which electricity is conveyed by an electrical network, primarily for running devices and appliances. It is generated through various sources such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear, and renewable energy, and is essential for modern life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A unit of power is a measure of power in the metric system, indicating the rate of energy movement or conversion. It is equal to one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electronic pressure difference between two points, which drives the movement of electric current in a circuit. It is measured in V and indicates the power per individual charge available to transport electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A volt is the standard unit of electric potential, electric potential difference, and EMF in the SI system. It measures the potential energy per coulomb between locations in an circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric current is the passage of electric charge through a metal wire, usually measured in amps. It is necessary for powering electronic devices and facilitating the functioning of electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere serves as the unit of electrical current in the International System of Units, represented by A. It indicates the movement of electric charge through a circuit over a period of time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load refers to the amount of electrical power or current demanded by equipment and Electrical load in a circuit. It affects the design and power of power systems to maintain reliable and efficient energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction enclosure is an electrical casing used to safely house wire connections, providing a central point for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures structured and safe connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 connector is a conventional photovoltaic connector used to link solar panels in a safe and dependable manner. It features a snap-in design with waterproof sealing, providing durability and optimal electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power provides a easy and uniform method of providing electrical energy to devices through standard ports. It is frequently used for charging and feeding a broad range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power converter is a device that changes DC from inputs like accumulators or solar arrays into AC suitable for home devices. It enables the use of common electrical appliances in locations where only direct current electricity is available. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack serves as an collection of multiple individual batteries created to store and supply electrical energy for different devices. It provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar tracking systems automatically adjust the angle of solar panels to monitor the sun’s path throughout the daytime, maximizing solar energy capture. This technology boosts the performance of solar power gathering by maintaining ideal panel positioning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a approach used to optimize the power output of solar panel setups by constantly tuning the working point to align with the optimal power point of the photovoltaic modules. This procedure provides the most efficient energy harvesting, especially under varying environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer serves as a device used in solar energy systems to maximize energy output by individually tailored improving the performance of each solar panel. It increases overall system efficiency by minimizing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar performance monitor is a tool that monitors and examines the effectiveness of photovoltaic panel systems in instantaneous, offering important data on energy generation and system condition. It assists optimize solar power output by detecting issues early and securing highest efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are lightweight, versatile photovoltaic devices made by depositing thin layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a affordable and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in different portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Sunlight-to-electricity converters convert sun rays directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, making them a eco-friendly energy source. They are commonly used in solar arrays to power homes, electronic gadgets, and complete solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a substance composed of countless tiny silicon crystals, commonly used in photovoltaic panels and chip fabrication. Its manufacturing process involves melting and restructuring silicon to form a ultra-pure, polycrystalline type appropriate for electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Single-crystal silicon is a premium type of silicon with a continuous crystal framework, making it extremely capable for use in solar cells and electronic devices. Its homogeneous framework allows for improved charge movement, resulting in better performance compared to different silicon varieties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics represent a category of thin film solar method that offers a affordable and effective option for extensive solar energy generation. They are known as their excellent absorption performance and comparatively reduced manufacturing fees versus traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CuInGaSe2 solar cells are laminate photovoltaic devices that utilize a composite compound of copper, In, Ga, and selenium to convert sunlight into electricity effectively. They are noted for their high absorption performance, bendability, and possibility for portable, cost-effective solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous form of silicon is a disordered molecular arrangement, making it easier to handle and more straightforward to layer than crystalline silicon. It is often used in photovoltaic thin films and electronic devices due to its cost-effectiveness and flexible properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Advanced-generation photovoltaic modules aim to outperform traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing state-of-the-art materials and pioneering techniques such as stacked stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on optimizing energy conversion, cutting costs, and expanding applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-layered solar cells are advanced photovoltaic devices that utilize multiple p-n connections layered in unison to capture a wider spectrum of the solar spectrum, substantially enhancing their efficiency. These are primarily applied in space applications and high-efficiency solar power systems due to their excellent energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar panels are vital components that convert sunlight into electricity to power onboard instrumentation. Generally lightweight, durable, and crafted to function effectively in the harsh environment of space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are materials composed of multiple elements, typically involving a metal and a non-metallic element, used in fast electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer enhanced performance in applications such as laser devices, light-emitting diodes, and high-speed transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound-based semiconductor recognized for its high electron mobility and performance in high-frequency and optoelectronic applications. It is often used in components such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV utilize focusing elements or mirrors to direct sunlight onto superior efficiency multi-layer solar cells, substantially improving energy transformation efficiency. This technology is perfect for large-scale solar power plants in regions with clear sunlight, delivering a cost-effective approach for intensive energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Ultralight silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its slim and flexible form factor. It offers a economical alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in BIPV and portable energy devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS thin-film solar cell utilize a delicate coating of copper indium gallium selenide as the light-absorbing layer, known for excellent energy conversion and bendability. They offer a portable, budget-friendly alternative to standard silicon solar arrays with excellent performance in diverse climates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film refers to a fine layer of material, often measured in nm or μm, used in diverse technological fields. These layers are important in electronics, light manipulation, and films for their unique physical and chemical properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Building-mounted solar PV systems harness the sun's rays to generate electricity directly on structure roofs, providing a eco-friendly and cost-effective energy solution. They help cut down dependence on fossil fuels, reduce electricity bills, and contribute to green initiatives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A thin film is a layer of substance covering a few nanometers to multiple micrometers in dimension, often placed on surfaces for functional applications. These layers are used in multiple sectors, including electronics, light manipulation, and healthcare, to modify surface characteristics or create specific device functionalities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometric units are measurement equivalent to one-billionth of a meter, often utilized to depict very tiny distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are crucial in areas such as nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for gauging structures and particles at the nano dimension. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are high-precision devices used to exactly measure minute thicknesses or thicknesses, commonly in manufacturing and production. They feature a adjusted screw device that allows for accurate readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon disc is a slender, ring-shaped section of silicon crystal used as the foundation for manufacturing semiconductor devices. It functions as the basic material in the production of integrated circuits and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | CIGS photovoltaic cells are thin-film solar modules known for their high efficiency and adaptability, ideal for diverse applications. They use a stratified semiconductor architecture that converts sunlight directly into electrical energy with excellent effectiveness in low-light environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon silicon is a kind of silicon used in solar cells, characterized by its many crystal grains that give it a speckled appearance. It is recognized for being cost-effective and having a moderately high efficiency in converting sunlight into electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Photovoltaic systems convert solar energy directly into electricity using photovoltaic cells, supplying a green energy source for residential, business, and large-scale applications. They provide a environmentally friendly, long-lasting, and economical way to cut down reliance on non-renewable energy sources and lower carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compound as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a photovoltaic device that transforms sunlight into power using a light-reactive dye to take in light and produce electron flow. It offers a affordable and adaptable alternative to traditional silicon-based solar cells, with possibility for see-through and lightweight applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanoscale semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and conversion efficiency through quantum size effects. This approach offers the potential for cost-effective, flexible, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic PV cells are solar cells that use organic materials, to transform sun's energy into electrical power. They are compact, bendable, and enable more affordable, large-area solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide is a promising photovoltaic substance used in thin-film solar panels due to its earth-abundant and safe elements. Its superior optoelectronic properties make it an appealing substitute for sustainable photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) seamlessly incorporate photovoltaic technology into the design of building materials, such as roof surfaces, facades, and windows. This innovative approach enhances energy efficiency while maintaining design elegance and building integrity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency allows light to penetrate a material bearing minimal distortion, allowing objects behind to be seen clearly. Translucency permits light to scatter through, making detailed visibility obscured but still allowing shapes and light to penetrate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window film installation involves applying a transparent film to the interior or exterior of automobiles or edifices windows to cut down on glare, heat, and UV rays. It enhances privacy, improves energy efficiency, and provides a sleek aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A collection of solar power stations details various massive solar energy installations around the globe, demonstrating their power and positions. These facilities play a vital role in renewable energy generation and international efforts to lower carbon releases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic power stations are massive systems that convert sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels. They are essential in clean energy production, lessening dependence on coal and oil, and cutting emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental challenges encompass a wide range of issues such as pollution, climatic shifts, and forest loss that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collective efforts to promote eco-friendly methods and protect wild habitats. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Renewable energy comes from natural sources that are renewably replenished, such as the sun, air currents, and water. It offers a renewable option to fossil fuels, decreasing environmental harm and enhancing long-term energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-sustainable energy resources, such as lignite, petroleum, and natural gas, are limited reserves formed over geological eras and are depleted when used. They are the main power sources for electrical energy and transportation but pose ecological and sustainability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Power production involves converting various power sources such as fossil fuels, nuclear power, and green energy into electrical energy. This process usually takes place in power stations where rotating machinery and generators work together to produce power for power distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are dense, poisonous elements such as lead, Hg, metallic cadmium, and As that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar panel effectiveness indicates how well a photovoltaic device generates sunlight into usable electrical power. Boosting this efficiency is crucial for maximizing renewable energy output and cutting reliance on coal and oil. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when light shining on a metallic surface ejects electrons from that surface, demonstrating the particle properties of light. This occurrence provided critical proof for the development of quantum theory by showing that photon energy is quantified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Enhanced life testing involves exposing products to higher-than-normal stresses to speedily determine their durability and forecast their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps find potential failures and boost product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The increase of photovoltaics has quickened rapidly over the past decade, driven by technological progress and reducing prices. This development is changing the international energy scene by raising the portion of renewable solar power in electricity generation processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar relates to large solar power facilities designed to generate electricity on a business scale, providing power directly to the grid. These sites typically cover extensive areas and utilize photovoltaic panels or solar heating systems to produce renewable energy cost-effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optical element is a see-through instrument that refracts light to focus or spread out rays, producing images. It is commonly used in equipment like camera units, glasses, and microscopes to adjust light for better vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The angle of incidence is the angle between an incoming light ray and the perpendicular line perpendicular to the surface at the point of contact. It controls how light behaves with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction behaviors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a coating applied to lens surfaces to minimize reflections and improve light transmission. It boosts the clarity and luminosity of lenses by minimizing unwanted reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Canceling interference occurs when a pair of waves meet in a manner that their amplitudes cancel each other out, causing a reduction or full disappearance of the resultant wave. This phenomenon usually happens when the waves are out of phase by half a cycle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current refers to a type of electrical flow that alternates direction, commonly employed in electrical distribution networks. The electrical potential changes following a sine wave over time, enabling efficient transmission over long distances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A microinverter is a compact component used to transform direct current (DC) from a single solar module into AC suitable for domestic use. It improves system performance by optimizing power output at the module level and eases installation and service. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC power, or alternating current power, is electricity delivered through a setup where the voltage level and current periodically reverse direction, enabling cost-effective transmission over vast spans. It is commonly used in residences and industries to operate various appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC connector is a category of electrical connector used to supply DC power from a power supply to an electronic device. It usually consists of a tube-shaped plug and receptacle that provide a secure and consistent link for multiple electronic uses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Labs is a international protection approval organization that assesses and approves products to guarantee they meet certain security requirements. It helps consumers and companies find reliable and protected products through thorough evaluation and examination methods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Serial circuits are electrical circuits in which parts are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current. In this setup, the same current passes through all elements, and the entire voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electronic circuits where elements are connected between the same voltage source, providing multiple channels for current flow. This setup allows devices to operate independently, with the total current distributed among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode is a semiconductor device that allows current to move in a single direction exclusively, acting as a single-direction valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An car auxiliary power outlet is a port, typically 12V, designed to provide electrical energy for different devices and attachments within a vehicle. It allows users to charge electronic devices or run small electronics when on the journey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a protocol for connecting peripherals to computing systems, facilitating information exchange and electric power. It accommodates a broad spectrum of hardware such as input devices, mice, external drives, and smartphones, with various revisions offering faster speeds and improved performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency is the measure of the percentage of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell converts into usable energy. Improving this efficiency is essential to optimizing energy generation and making solar power affordable and eco-friendly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory dedicated to research and development in green energy and energy efficiency technologies. It is committed to advancing innovations in solar, wind, bioenergy, and other sustainable energy sources to enable a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses all types of electromagnetic waves, ranging from wireless signals to gamma radiation, featuring diverse wavelengths and power. This spectrum is fundamental to many technologies and natural phenomena, allowing communication, medical imaging, and insight into the cosmos. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a type of EM radiation with a wave length shorter than visible light but longer than X-rays, primarily emitted by the solar radiation. It has a key role in including vitamin D production but can also cause skin injury and skin aging caused by light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic wave with longer wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Monochromatic refers to a color palette based on alterations of a individual hue, using diverse shades, tints, and tones to create cohesion and connexion. This design approach emphasizes minimalism and grace by maintaining steady color elements throughout a composition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Irradiance refers to the strength of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, generally measured in watts/m². It is a crucial parameter in disciplines including solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, indicating the intensity of sunlight hitting a specific surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a standard unit used to measure the intensity of radiation or power received or emitted over a particular area, frequently in fields like meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It aids in understanding the dispersion and transfer of energy across regions, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the range of various hues or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, perceptible or alternatively. It is commonly used to describe the dispersion of light or signal bandwidths in various scientific and technological contexts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An air mass is a substantial mass of air's with relatively uniform temp and humidity characteristics, coming from from certain starting regions. These air masses affect weather patterns and atmospheric situations as they move across various regions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Sun's energy output is the assessment of the energy per square meter received from the Sun in the form of light. It changes with solar cycles and atmospheric factors on Earth, impacting weather patterns and weather patterns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Dirt buildup in solar energy refers to the accumulation of dirt, and impurities on the surface of solar panels, which reduces their output. Consistent upkeep and servicing are necessary to minimize energy decrease and maintain optimal efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage represents the maximum voltage available from a power source when there is no current, spanning its terminals. It shows the potential difference of a device when it has been disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current represents the peak electrical current that flows through a circuit when a short connection, or short circuit, takes place, going around the normal load. It creates a considerable safety hazard and can lead to damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a assessment of the highest power output of a solar array under optimal sunlight conditions. It reflects the array's peak potential to produce electricity in standard testing environments . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an measuring tool used to determine the voltage between two locations in a electrical system. It is widely employed in numerous electrical and electronic setups to ensure proper electrical potential | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a problem in solar modules where high voltage stress causes a substantial reduction in power output and efficiency. It occurs due to leakage current and ion transfer within the solar cell materials, leading to performance deterioration over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is a metalloid element essential for plant development and applied in different industrial uses, like glassmaking and semiconductor manufacturing. It exhibits special chemical traits that render it valuable in producing robust, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A photovoltaic mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring perfect tilt and alignment for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand environmental conditions while providing a stable and durable foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar-powered power plant collects sunlight using extensive arrays of photovoltaic solar panels to create renewable electricity. It offers an green energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the integrated method of utilizing land for both solar energy output and farming, maximizing space and resources. This method improves crop production while concurrently producing renewable energy, encouraging sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial photovoltaic cells are solar panels capable of capturing sunlight from both their front and rear surfaces, improving overall energy generation. They are typically mounted in a way that improves effectiveness by leveraging albedo reflection and reflected sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar-powered canopy is a structure that provides cover while creating electricity through integrated solar panels. It is commonly installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to blend environmental benefits with useful design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar array is a assembly of numerous solar modules designed to create electricity from sunlight. It is frequently used in green energy setups to produce environmentally friendly, renewable power for multiple applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A outdoor cover is a structure that delivers shade and protection from the weather for exterior areas. It improves the usability and aesthetic appeal of a patio, making it a pleasant area for rest and entertainment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the measurement between the perpendicular line directly overhead and the line of sight to a celestial object. It is applied in astronomy and meteorology to indicate the position of bodies in the heavens relative to an onlooker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The horizontal bearing is a azimuth measured clockwise from a reference heading, typically true north, to the line connecting an viewer to a point of interest. It is often used in wayfinding, land measurement, and celestial observation to specify the bearing of an target with respect to the observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Setting up solar panels exposes workers to risks such as height falls and electric shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to rough climate and potential bodily injuries pose significant Occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a semiconductor material extensively utilized in thin-film solar cells due to its excellent performance and affordability. It exhibits superb optical features, making it a common option for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An directory of photovoltaics companies highlights the top manufacturers and suppliers specializing in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions across the globe. These companies play a crucial role in advancing solar energy integration and innovation across multiple markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a unit of power equal to 1,000,000,000 watts, used to assess massive power generation output and utilization. It is typically associated with power plants, electricity networks, and major energy initiatives worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | The company First Solar is a global leader in photovoltaic (PV) energy solutions, focused on manufacturing thin film-based solar cells that deliver high-performance and low-cost power generation. The firm is committed to green energy development and cutting down the global dependence on fossil fuels through innovative solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology expertise in seamlessly linking various parts of industrial and automated systems to boost performance and dependability. It aims on creating cutting-edge solutions that promote efficient communication and interoperability among diverse tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic stands as a top China's firm expert in producing and developing solar solar goods and services. Famous for state-of-the-art tech and sustainable energy initiatives in the renewable energy sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of power equal to one billion W, often employed to represent the capacity of large-scale power production or usage. It emphasizes the vast energy magnitude involved in current energy framework and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Experience curve effects refer to the concept where the unit cost decreases as total output increases, due to gaining knowledge and optimization achieved over time. This concept highlights the significance of accumulated experience in reducing costs and enhancing efficiency in industrial processes and other processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaic systems turn sunlight immediately into electricity through semiconductor substances, primarily silicon. This technology is a environmentally friendly, green energy source that aids cut down reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the price of producing solar or wind energy becomes equivalent to or lower than the expense of purchasing power from the power grid. Achieving Grid parity means that green energy technologies are financially viable with conventional coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity is the primary electrical power supplied to residences and businesses through a system of power lines, offering a consistent source of energy for numerous appliances. It typically operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, according to the nation, and is transmitted through AC power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) refers to all elements of a solar power system except the photovoltaic panels, such as inverters, racking, wiring, and other electrical hardware. It is essential for ensuring the effective and consistent operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Sunlight is absorbed from the solar radiation using PV panels to produce electricity or through thermal solar systems to generate heat. It is a renewable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly energy source that limits the use of fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are widely utilized in residential, corporate, and industrial sites to create renewable, eco-friendly electricity from sunlight. They also drive remote and off-grid locations, delivering renewable energy solutions where conventional power grids are unavailable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A list of sun-powered goods features a selection of gadgets that capture sunlight to convert energy, supporting environmentally friendly and renewable living. These products include everything from solar power banks and lights to household devices and outdoor equipment, providing multi-purpose alternatives for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An solar energy facility is a facility that transforms sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels. It is a renewable energy source that aids in decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems combine solar panels with other energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to provide a reliable and efficient power supply. They maximize energy use by allocating renewable resources and backup options, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and cutting overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics utilize lenses plus reflectors to focus sunlight onto advanced photovoltaic cells, considerably boosting energy capture from a compact footprint. This technology is highly suitable where bright, direct sunlight and provides a promising approach to cut the cost of. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
