| Solar panel | Solar array serve as instruments that convert sunlight to electricity using PV cells. These are an green and alternative energy source, decreasing reliance on carbon-based fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar heat collector is a device that absorbs sunlight to produce heat, typically used for hot water production or space heating applications. It successfully converts solar energy into thermal energy, decreasing reliance on conventional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Sun-powered thermal energy harnesses sunlight to generate heat, which can be used for water heating systems, indoor heating, or electricity generation. It is a renewable and renewable technology that reduces dependence on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a scenic seaside town in West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a enchanting blend of beaches with soft sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | England is a historic and historic-influenced country in the UK known for its wealthy cultural legacy, notable attractions, and bustling cities like London. It boasts a diverse scenery of rolling hills, ancient castles, and busy metropolitan areas that blend tradition with modern developments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Sunlight is the organic light emitted by the star, crucial for living organisms on Earth as it offers energy for photosynthesis and affects climate and weather patterns. It also contributes to our well-being by regulating our circadian rhythms and increasing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electromagnetic energy is a kind of power generated by the movement of charged particles, primarily electrons. It drives innumerable devices and networks, supporting modern life and tech innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts solar radiation directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels composed of semi-conductor materials. It is a renewable power source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are tiny particles with a opposite electric charge that circulate around the nucleus of an atom, playing a key role in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions influence the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the unidirectional flow of electric charge, usually produced by battteries, power supplies, and solar cells. It provides a steady voltage or current, causing it crucial for electronic devices and low-voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A power source is a device that stores chemical energy and transforms it into electric power to power various electronic devices. It comprises several electrochemical units, each housing positive and negative electrodes interposed by an ionic solution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An solar power system converts solar radiation immediately into power using solar panels made of solar cells. It is an green energy option that minimizes reliance on fossil fuels and supports renewable power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A photovoltaic inverter is a device that transforms direct current (DC) generated by solar panels into alternating current (AC) appropriate for home use and grid connection. It is vital for optimizing energy use and ensuring secure, dependable energy output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that flips polarity regularly, typically used in home and commercial power supplies. It allows for effective transmission of electricity over great lengths and is defined by its voltage and current waveforms, commonly sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge controller is a device that manages the voltage level and current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from excess charging and harm. It ensures optimal energy flow and prolongs the lifespan of the battery bank. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measuring instrument is a instrument used to determine the extent, quantity, or level of something accurately. It includes instruments like scales, thermometers, and barometers that provide accurate readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | An solar tracker is a device that instantaneously its orientation of solar panels to monitor the sun's movement during the day, enhancing energy absorption. This system improves the efficiency of solar power systems by ensuring best sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar power plants are huge plants that utilize sunlight to produce electricity using a multitude of solar panels. They supply a green and sustainable energy resource, reducing reliance on carbon-based fuels and reducing carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Rooftop solar power involves installing photovoltaic solar panels on roofs of buildings to produce electricity from sunlight. This sustainable energy source helps cut down on reliance on non-renewable fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-connected solar energy setup transforms sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a renewable energy solution. It boosts energy efficiency and reduces reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to gain potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, CH4, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like burning fossil fuels and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A space-based solar power system is an artificial satellite equipped with solar arrays that gather solar radiation and transform into electrical energy. This power is then beamed to Earth for utilization as a sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Residential energy storage solutions save excess electricity generated from renewable sources or the power grid for future use, improving energy independence and efficiency. These systems commonly employ batteries to deliver backup power, reduce energy costs, and support grid stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The timeline of solar cells chronicles the development and improvements in solar power tech from the initial discovery of the solar effect to contemporary high-efficiency photovoltaic modules. It features key milestones, including the creation of the initial silicon solar cell in 1954 and continuous innovations that have substantially improved energy transformation and cost efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a French physicist noted for his groundbreaking work in the study of the photoelectric effect and luminescence. His tests laid the groundwork for comprehending how illumination interacts with particular materials to produce electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a British electrician and researcher known for finding out the photoconductivity of selenium in 1873. His research formed the basis for the development of the photo-sensitive device and advancements in initial photography and electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an open-source platform used for automating web browsers, allowing testers to mimic user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and browsers, making it a versatile tool for test automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a UK physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optics, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of light reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was an US inventor who invented the first working selenium solar cell in 1883. His groundbreaking work established the foundation for the modern photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-burning power plant generates electricity by firing coal to produce vapor that drives turbines connected to generators. This process releases considerable amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an United States scientist credited with identifying the solar cell and advancing the understanding of semiconductor. His work laid the foundation for modern solar power technology and the creation of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a renowned innovative organization long-standing associated with AT&T, known for leading innovations in communications, computer science, and materials research. It has been the source of numerous groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a element with the symbol Si and 14, famous for its key role in the fabrication of electronic devices and solar panels. It is a solid, brittle crystal substance with a bluish-gray metallic luster, mainly utilized as a semi-conductor in the technology sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A compact inverter is a compact unit installed on each photovoltaic panel to change direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) on-site. This approach increases system effectiveness, allows for better system tracking, and increases energy yield in solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A photovoltaic cell is a unit that converts sunlight immediately into electricity through the solar energy process. It is commonly used in solar arrays to provide a green and sustainable energy power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system transforms sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a green energy technology that offers sustainable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon serves as a elementary particle representing a packet of light and other electromagnetic radiation, carrying with it energy and momentum and energy without containing rest mass. It has a important role in the relations between matter and electromagnetic fields, facilitating phenomena like reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The solar photoelectric effect is the process by which certain materials convert sunlight immediately into electricity through the generation of electron-hole pairs. This phenomenon is the fundamental foundation behind photovoltaic technology, allowing the harnessing of solar energy for power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electrical engineering is a thin slice of semiconductor material, typically silicon, used as the foundation for manufacturing integrated circuits. It functions as the primary platform where integrated circuits are built through methods like doping, etching, and lamination. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a extremely pure form of silicon used mainly in the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells and electronic devices due to its superb semiconductor properties. Its regular, neat crystal lattice enables efficient electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology characterized by their lightweight, pliable configuration, and capacity for large-area manufacturing at a lower cost. They use layers of semiconductor materials a few micrometers thick to transform sunlight into usable electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the permanent forces exerted by the weight of structural elements and stationary equipment, while live loads are movable forces such as users, furniture, and weather conditions. Both are important considerations in building planning to ensure safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits join components end-to-end, so the identical current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits connect components across the same voltage source, allowing various paths for current. These layouts influence the circuit's overall resistance, current distribution, and voltage drops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrification refers to the velocity at which electric power flows by an electrical network, primarily for running devices and appliances. Created through multiple sources such as carbon-based fuels, atomic energy, and green energy, and crucial for modern life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A watt is a standard of energy transfer rate in the metric system, indicating the rate of energy movement or transformation. It is equal to one joule per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electronic potential difference between two points, which causes the stream of electronic current in a circuit. It is measured in volts and indicates the energy per unit charge accessible to move electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A electromotive force is the derived unit of electric potential, electric potential difference, and electromotive force in the metric system. It measures the electric energy per unit charge between locations in an electrical circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electrical current is the passage of electricity through a conductor, usually measured in amperes. It is necessary for supplying electronic equipment and enabling the operation of electrical circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere represents the standard of electrical flow in the SI units, represented by A. It indicates the flow of electrical charge through a conductor over a duration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load refers to the quantity of electrical power or current demanded by equipment and Electrical load in a circuit. It affects the design and capacity of power systems to guarantee safe and efficient energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A electrical box is an electrical enclosure used to safely house wire connections, providing a main hub for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures neat and reliable connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 plug is a conventional photovoltaic connector used to link solar panels in a secure and trustworthy manner. It features a clip-in design with waterproof sealing, providing durability and effective electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power delivers a convenient and consistent method of delivering electrical energy to devices through standard ports. It is commonly used for recharging and supplying a broad range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power inverter is a unit that changes direct current (DC) from supplies like cells or solar panels into AC suitable for home devices. It permits the operation of standard electrical devices in environments where only direct current electricity is present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack functions as a collection of several individual batteries assembled to store and supply electrical energy for multiple devices. It provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar panel tracking solutions automatically regulate the angle of solar modules to track the solar trajectory throughout the daytime, enhancing solar energy capture. This system increases the effectiveness of solar energy collection by ensuring ideal panel orientation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a approach used to enhance the energy production of photovoltaic systems by regularly modifying the working point to correspond to the peak power point of the solar cells. This methodology guarantees the highest efficiency energy extraction, especially under differing environmental factors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer is a device used in solar energy systems to maximize energy output by individually enhancing the performance of each solar panel. It improves overall system efficiency by cutting down on energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar performance monitor is a instrument that tracks and examines the effectiveness of solar panel systems in real-time, offering important data on power output and system condition. It assists enhance solar power generation by detecting faults early and guaranteeing optimal performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Thin-film solar cells are thin, multi-purpose photovoltaic devices made by depositing fine layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a economical and flexible alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in various portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Sunlight-to-electricity converters convert solar radiation directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, making them a sustainable energy source. They are typically used in solar arrays to supply energy to homes, appliances, and entire solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a compound composed of numerous tiny silicon crystals, commonly used in solar modules and microchip production. Its creation involves fusing and restructuring silicon to create a ultra-pure, polycrystalline type suitable for electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Single-crystal silicon is a high-purity type of silicon with a uniform lattice arrangement, making it extremely capable for use in solar panels and electronic devices. Its consistent framework allows for better charge movement, resulting in better efficiency compared to alternative silicon forms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics are a kind of thin film solar technology that provides a economical and high-performance option for massive solar energy generation. They are recognized for their excellent absorption capability and comparatively low manufacturing costs versus traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic devices are flexible solar devices that use a multi-layered compound of copper, indium, gallium, and Se to transform sunlight into electricity effectively. They are recognized for their great light capturing effectiveness, flexibility, and possibility for portable, cost-effective solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous form of silicon is a amorphous molecular structure, making it more flexible and more straightforward to layer than crystalline silicon. It is often used in photovoltaic thin films and electronic systems due to its cost-effectiveness and adaptable characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Third-generation photovoltaic cells aim to surpass traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing state-of-the-art materials and new techniques such as stacked stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on optimizing energy conversion, reducing costs, and expanding applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-layered solar panels are advanced photovoltaic modules that use various p-n junctions layered together to collect a wider range of the solar spectrum, substantially boosting their efficiency. These are primarily used in space applications and high-efficiency solar power systems due to their excellent energy conversion capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Solar panels on spacecraft are vital components that generate sunlight into electrical energy to power onboard instrumentation. Usually lightweight, long-lasting, and designed to operate efficiently in the demanding space environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are substances composed of two or more elements, typically involving a metal and a non-metallic component, used in fast electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer superior performance in applications such as lasers, light-emitting diodes, and high-speed transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound semiconductor recognized for its high electron mobility and efficiency in RF and optoelectronic applications. It is frequently used in components such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV employ optics or reflectors to concentrate sunlight onto superior efficiency multi-band solar cells, substantially improving energy conversion efficiency. This technology is suitable for massive solar power plants in regions with direct sunlight, offering a cost-effective solution for intensive energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Lightweight silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its slim and flexible form factor. It offers a economical alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in BIPV and mobile energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS thin-film solar cell utilize a thin film of copper indium gallium selenide as the light-absorbing layer, known for superior performance and adaptability. They offer a lightweight, budget-friendly alternative to standard silicon solar arrays with reliable operation in diverse climates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film describes a fine layer of material, often measured in nanometers or μm, used in multiple technological uses. These films are important in electronics, light manipulation, and films for their special physical and chemical properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Roof-mounted solar PV systems harness solar energy to generate electricity directly on rooftops of buildings, providing a eco-friendly and affordable energy solution. They help reduce reliance on fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to environmental conservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A coating is a layer of material ranging from tiny nanometric scales to several micrometers in thickness, often applied to surfaces for functional purposes. These films are used in various industries, including electronics, optical technologies, and healthcare, to modify surface characteristics or engineer certain device functions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometric units are measurement equivalent to one-billionth of a meter, often utilized to describe minuscule distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are important in fields like nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for determining structures and particles at the nano level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Micrometers are high-precision devices used to accurately measure small distances or widths, commonly in mechanical engineering and fabrication. They feature a scaled screw system that allows for exact readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon slice is a narrow, disk-shaped piece of silicon crystal used as the base for constructing semiconductor devices. It serves as the foundational material in the fabrication of integrated circuits and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | CIGS photovoltaic cells are flexible solar units famous for their superior output and adaptability, perfect for diverse applications. They employ a stratified layered semiconductor setup that transforms sunlight immediately into electrical energy with excellent efficiency in low-light settings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon is a form of silicon used in solar cells, characterized by its several crystal grains that give it a speckled appearance. It is known for being economical and having a moderately high efficiency in transforming sunlight into power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar power setups convert sun rays directly into energy using photovoltaic cells, offering a green energy source for home, commercial, and large-scale applications. They provide a eco-friendly, sustainable, and economical way to cut down reliance on fossil fuels and decrease greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compound as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a photovoltaic device that transforms sunlight into power using a light-reactive dye to absorb light and produce electron flow. It offers a budget-friendly and flexible alternative to standard silicon-based solar cells, with opportunity for see-through and lightweight applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot solar cell cells utilize nanoscale semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and energy conversion through quantum confinement effects. This approach offers the potential for lower-cost, flexible, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic photovoltaic devices are solar cells that employ carbon-based molecules, to convert sunlight into electrical power. They are lightweight, pliable, and offer the potential for lower-cost, extensive solar energy applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS (Copper is a potential photovoltaic substance used in layer solar panels due to its earth-abundant and harmless elements. Its favorable optical-electronic properties make it an attractive option for green photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) seamlessly incorporate solar energy technology into the design of architectural elements, such as rooftops, outer walls, and windows. This innovative approach enhances energy efficiency while maintaining design elegance and building integrity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency allows light to penetrate a material bearing minimal distortion, rendering objects behind easily seen. Translucency allows light to scatter through, making detailed visibility obscured but still allowing shapes and light to pass through. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Vehicle and building window film application involves applying a thin film to the inside or outside of vehicle or building panes to reduce glare, heat, and UV radiation. It boosts privacy, increases energy efficiency, and adds a modern aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A catalog of PV power stations details various large-scale solar energy installations around the planet, showcasing their power and positions. These facilities play a important role in sustainable energy generation and global efforts to lower carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic power stations are large-scale facilities that turn sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels. They play a vital role in clean energy production, cutting dependence on non-renewable energy sources, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental challenges encompass a wide range of issues such as waste, climatic shifts, and deforestation that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collective efforts to promote eco-friendly methods and protect biodiverse environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Green energy comes from natural sources that are constantly replenished, such as sunlight, air currents, and water. It offers a renewable solution to non-renewable energy sources, decreasing ecological footprint and supporting sustainable energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Fossil fuels, such as lignite, petroleum, and methane, are limited reserves formed over extensive periods and are exhausted when used. They are the main power sources for power production and vehicle operation but pose environmental and renewability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electricity generation involves converting various energy sources such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear power, and renewable resources into electrical energy. This process usually takes place in power plants where turbines, alternators, and generators work together to produce electric current for power distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are compact, harmful elements such as plumbum, Hg, Cd, and arsenic that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar panel effectiveness indicates how efficiently a solar panel generates sunlight into usable electrical energy. Improving this efficiency is essential for increasing renewable energy generation and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when radiation shining on a metal surface ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle nature of light. This occurrence provided key evidence for the development of quantum mechanics by showing that light energy is quantified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Enhanced life testing involves subjecting products to increased stresses to quickly evaluate their durability and predict their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps identify potential failures and boost product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The growth of photovoltaics has sped up rapidly over the past ten years, driven by technological progress and decreasing costs. This growth is transforming the international energy scene by raising the share of clean solar power in electricity generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar relates to large solar power facilities designed to generate electricity on a industrial scale, supplying power directly to the grid. These installations typically cover extensive areas and utilize photovoltaic panels or thermal solar systems to produce renewable energy effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optical element is a see-through instrument that refracts light to bring together or diverge rays, producing images. It is often used in devices like photographic devices, glasses, and microscopes to control light for improved vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The angle of incidence is the angle between an incoming light ray and the normal line orthogonal to the surface at the point of contact. It controls how light interacts with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction behaviors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a thin layer applied to vision surfaces to reduce glare and enhance light passage. It enhances the sharpness and brightness of lenses by minimizing unwanted reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Negative interference occurs when a pair of waves meet in a manner that their wave heights negate each other, resulting in a diminution or total eradication of the combined wave. This event typically happens when these waves are phase-shifted by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current refers to an electric current that periodically reverses, typically used in power supply systems. The voltage fluctuates sinusoidally over time, allowing efficient transmission over large spans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A individual inverter is a tiny component used to transform direct current (DC) from a single solar panel into alternating current (AC) suitable for domestic use. It improves system efficiency by maximizing energy production at the module level and streamlines setup and service. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC power, or AC electrical energy, is electrical energy delivered through a system where the voltage level and current regularly reverse orientation, enabling cost-effective transmission over long distances. It is commonly used in homes and commercial sectors to operate different appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A direct current connector is a type of electrical coupling used to deliver DC energy from a power supply to an electronic equipment. It usually consists of a cylindrical plug and socket that guarantee a secure and dependable connection for multiple electronic uses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | UL is a worldwide security approval body that evaluates and certifies products to guarantee they meet particular protection norms. It assists consumers and companies identify reliable and secure products through thorough review and examination processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series-connected circuits are electronic circuits in which elements are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current flow. In this configuration, the same electric current passes through all parts, and the total voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electronic circuits where components are connected across the same voltage source, giving multiple routes for current flow. This arrangement allows units to operate separately, with the total current split among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | An diode serves as a electronic device that allows current to move in one way exclusively, serving as a one-way valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An vehicle auxiliary power outlet is a port, typically 12V, intended to deliver electrical energy for multiple devices and attachments inside a car. It permits users to recharge electronic devices or run small devices during on the move. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a standard for linking hardware to computing systems, facilitating data transmission and electric power. It supports a wide range of devices such as input devices, pointer devices, external storage, and cell phones, with various versions delivering increased speeds and enhanced performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency is the measure of the ratio of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell turns into electrical energy. Boosting this efficiency plays a key role in increasing energy production and making solar power more cost-effective and eco-friendly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. Department of Energy federal research facility dedicated to R&D in green energy and energy efficiency technologies. It is committed to advancing innovations in solar, wind power, bioenergy, and additional renewable sources to support a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses all types of electromagnetic waves, extending from radio waves to gamma rays, featuring diverse lengths and energies. This range is fundamental to numerous technological applications and the natural world, enabling signal transmission, healthcare imaging, and insight into the universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a form of EM radiation with a wavelength shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X-rays, primarily produced by the sun. It plays a important role in such as vitamin D synthesis but can also cause skin injury and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic wave with extended wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Single-hued refers to a color palette based on shades of a individual hue, using different shades, tints, and tones to create cohesion and unity. This design approach emphasizes simplicity and elegance by maintaining consistent color elements throughout a layout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Irradiance refers to the strength of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, usually measured in watts/m². It is a important parameter in disciplines including solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, indicating the intensity of sunlight hitting a given area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a measurement unit used to measure the strength of radiation or energy flow received or emitted over a particular surface, commonly in areas such as meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It helps in understanding the spread and movement of energy across regions, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the range of various tones or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, visible or otherwise. It is often used to illustrate the spread of light or signal frequencies in various scientific and technological fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a substantial mass of air's with relatively uniform temperature and moisture features, deriving from from particular source regions. These airmass influence weather systems and air conditions as they travel over different regions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Sun's energy output is the assessment of the intensity per unit area received from the solar source in the form of light. It changes with solar phenomena and atmospheric factors on Earth, affecting global climate and weather patterns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Soiling in solar power refers to the collection of dirt, and other particles on the panels of photovoltaic modules, which diminishes their output. Consistent upkeep and care are important to minimize energy loss and guarantee best efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage refers to the maximum voltage available from a power source when no current is flowing, measured across its terminals. It represents the potential difference of a device when it has been disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current represents the peak electrical current that passes through a circuit when a short connection, or short circuit, happens, bypassing the normal load. It creates a considerable safety hazard and can lead to damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a assessment of the peak power generation of a solar panel under perfect sunlight conditions. It reflects the panel's peak ability to create electricity in typical testing conditions . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an measuring tool used to check the potential difference between two points in a electrical system. It is widely employed in various electrical and electronic applications to maintain proper voltage measurements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a issue in PV modules where increased voltage stress causes a significant reduction in energy production and performance. It occurs due to leakage current and ion transfer within the photovoltaic materials, leading to degradation over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron serves as a metalloid chemical element crucial for plant growth and applied in multiple industrial uses, including glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It possesses distinctive chemical traits that render it beneficial in creating long-lasting, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports photovoltaic modules, ensuring ideal tilt and orientation for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand weather conditions while providing a solid and resilient foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar power plant harnesses sunlight using large collections of photovoltaic modules to generate renewable electricity. It supplies an environmentally friendly energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the combined approach of utilizing land for both solar energy generation and agriculture, optimizing space and resources. This method improves crop production while at the same time creating renewable energy, promoting sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar panels are solar energy devices designed to harvest sunlight from both their front and rear surfaces, boosting overall energy output. They are usually installed in a way that allows for increased efficiency by utilizing albedo reflection and bounced sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A sun-powered canopy is a structure that provides shade while creating electricity through integrated solar panels. It is commonly installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to merge environmental benefits with useful design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar array is a assembly of numerous photovoltaic modules arranged to create electricity from sunlight. It is commonly used in renewable energy systems to produce clean, sustainable power for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio shield is a construction that delivers shade and protection from the conditions for exterior areas. It enhances the practicality and look of a patio, making it a pleasant area for rest and socializing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the angle between the vertical direction directly overhead and the line of sight to a celestial object. It is applied in astronomy and meteorology to indicate the position of celestial entities in the heavens relative to an spectator. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The horizontal bearing is a horizontal angle measured clockwise from a reference direction, typically true north, to the line connecting an viewer to a destination. It is commonly used in wayfinding, land measurement, and astrophysics to define the direction of an object relative to the observer's position. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as fall hazards and electric shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to rough climate and potential bodily injuries pose significant occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | CdTe is a electronic material extensively utilized in thin-film solar cells due to its excellent performance and cost-effectiveness. It demonstrates outstanding optical characteristics, making it a popular option for photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An directory of photovoltaics companies highlights the major manufacturers and suppliers expert in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies play a crucial role in driving solar energy adoption and innovation across various markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a measure of electricity equal to a billion W, used to assess big power generation production and consumption. It is typically associated with electricity stations, power grids, and large-scale power projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar is a worldwide leader in solar energy solutions, specializing in producing thin-film solar panels that offer excellent efficiency and economical power generation. The organization is committed to sustainable renewable energy advancement and cutting down the global dependence on fossil fuels through advanced solar solar innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology specializes in effortlessly integrating various elements of factory and automation systems to enhance efficiency and reliability. It concentrates on creating advanced solutions that facilitate smooth communication and interoperability among diverse tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is a prominent Chinese-based corporation expert in producing and developing solar photovoltaic goods and services. It is known for state-of-the-art tech and sustainable energy initiatives in the renewable energy sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of power equal to one billion watts, often employed to represent the potential of large-scale power generation or consumption. It emphasizes the huge energy scale involved in contemporary power infrastructure and tech. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Experience curve effects refer to the phenomenon where the unit cost reduces as overall production grows, due to gaining knowledge and efficiencies obtained over time. This effect highlights the importance of accumulated experience in lowering costs and improving productivity in manufacturing and other operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaic systems turn sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductor substances, primarily silicon. This system is a pure, renewable energy source that assists reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the cost of producing solar or wind energy is equivalent to or less than the price of purchasing power from the electric grid. Achieving Grid parity means that sustainable energy technologies are economically viable with traditional fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity acts as the standard electrical power supplied to residences and businesses through a grid of power lines, providing a reliable source of energy for numerous appliances. It usually operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, according to the region, and is delivered through AC power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) refers to all elements of a solar power system excluding the photovoltaic panels, comprising inverters, racking, wiring, and additional electrical hardware. It is essential for securing the efficient and consistent operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | The sun's power is harnessed from the solar radiation using solar cells to produce electricity or through thermal solar systems to generate heat. It is a green, sustainable, and environmentally friendly power supply that decreases dependence on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are commonly employed in residential, corporate, and factory settings to generate clean, eco-friendly electricity from sunlight. They also supply remote and off-grid locations, providing renewable energy solutions where traditional power grids are unavailable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A list of sun-powered goods features a selection of tools that harness sunlight to produce energy, supporting eco-friendly and sustainable living. These products include everything from solar chargers and lights to home equipment and outdoor tools, providing versatile alternatives for power needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | A solar power plant is a plant that converts sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels. It is a green energy source that aids in decreasing reliance on non-renewable energy and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems combine solar panels with alternative energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to deliver a reliable and efficient power supply. They enhance energy use by balancing renewable resources and backup options, cutting reliance on fossil fuels and cutting overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics utilize optical lenses and reflectors focusing solar radiation onto advanced solar cells, greatly enhancing power output using a compact footprint. This technology is particularly effective where direct, strong sunlight plus, it offers a viable solution to reducing expenses related to solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
