| Solar panel | Solar panel are instruments that change sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic cells. They serve as an green and alternative energy source, reducing reliance on carbon-based fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar collector is a device that captures sunlight to convert heat, typically used for hot water production or room heating applications. It effectively converts solar energy into thermal energy, decreasing reliance on standard energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar thermal energy harnesses sunlight to generate warmth, which can be used for water heating systems, space heating, or electricity generation. It is a sustainable and renewable technology that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a scenic seaside town in the county of West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a delightful blend of sandy beaches, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic nation in the UK known for its rich cultural traditions, iconic landmarks, and bustling urban areas like London. It boasts a varied scenery of undulating terrain, old castles, and lively city hubs that combine history with modern developments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Sunlight is the environmental illumination emitted by the star, vital for living organisms on Earth as it offers power for photosynthesis and shapes climate and weather patterns. It also plays a role to our well-being by regulating our circadian rhythms and enhancing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electromagnetic energy is a type of power generated by the motion of charged particles, primarily electrons. It fuels innumerable systems and systems, facilitating contemporary living and tech innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts sunlight directly into power using solar panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a renewable power source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are tiny particles with a reversed electric charge that circulate around the nucleus of an atom, important for in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions determine the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | Direct current is the one-way movement of electric charge, typically produced by battteries, power sources, and solar cells. It provides a consistent voltage or current, causing it essential for electronic devices and low-voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A cell is a unit that holds chemical energy and changes it into electrical energy to run various electronic devices. It includes multiple electrochemical cells, each housing anode and cathode divided by an ionic solution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A photovoltaic system converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels composed of solar cells. It is an environmentally friendly energy option that reduces reliance on non-renewable energy sources and supports sustainable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar inverter is a unit that transforms DC generated by solar panels into AC fit for home use and grid integration. It is essential for maximizing energy efficiency and providing secure, consistent energy output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that flips polarity regularly, usually used in domestic and business power supplies. It allows for efficient transmission of electricity over great lengths and is characterized by its voltage and current waveforms, commonly sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge regulator is a device that manages the voltage and current coming from a solar panel to prevent batteries from overcharging and harm. It provides optimal energy flow and prolongs the lifespan of the battery system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A survey tool is a instrument used to measure the size, volume, or degree of something accurately. It includes gadgets like meters, thermometers, and barometers that provide precise readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | An solar tracker is a mechanism that automatically its orientation of solar panels to track the sun's movement during the day, increasing energy absorption. This technology enhances the efficiency of solar power systems by maintaining maximum sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar farms are huge plants that capture sunlight to generate electricity using many solar panels. They supply a sustainable and eco-friendly energy power, reducing reliance on carbon-based fuels and decreasing pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Solar power from rooftops involves installing photovoltaic solar panels on building roofs to create electricity from sunlight. This sustainable energy source helps reduce reliance on non-renewable fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | A grid-connected photovoltaic system changes sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a eco-friendly energy solution. It enhances energy efficiency and decreases reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to take advantage of potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, CH4, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like fossil fuel combustion and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar satellite is an spacecraft equipped with solar arrays that absorb sunlight and generate power. This power is then sent wirelessly to our planet for application as an eco-friendly power supply. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home energy storage systems save excess energy generated from green sources or the grid for future use, boosting energy independence and efficiency. These installations typically utilize batteries to offer backup energy, lower energy expenses, and support grid robustness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The history of solar cells tracks the advancement and innovations in solar energy technology from the early discovery of the solar effect to current high-efficiency photovoltaic modules. It features significant breakthroughs, including the development of the original silicon solar cell in 1954 and persistent advances that have substantially improved power conversion and cost efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a French-born physicist by profession noted for his groundbreaking work in the study of the photovoltaic effect and glow. His tests laid the basis for understanding how illumination interacts with specific media to create electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a UK electrician and scientist known for discovering the photo-conductive property of selenium in 1873. His work formed the basis for the development of the photoconductive cell and progress in early photographic and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an open-source platform used for automated testing of web browsers, enabling testers to simulate user interactions and test web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and browsers, making it a versatile tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a UK scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of light and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of luminescence reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was indeed an American innovator who invented the earliest working selenium solar cell in 1883. His groundbreaking work laid the groundwork for the modern photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-burning power plant generates electricity by firing coal to produce steam that drives turbines connected to generators. This process releases considerable amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an United States scientist credited with finding the solar cell and advancing the understanding of semiconductor. His work laid the foundation for modern solar power technology and the creation of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a famous R&D entity traditionally associated with AT&T, known for pioneering innovations in communications, computing, and materials science. It has been the source of many groundbreaking inventions, including the transistor and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and number 14, widely known for its essential role in the fabrication of electronic devices and solar modules. It is a solid, brittle crystalline material with a bluish-gray shine, predominantly employed as a electronic component in the technology sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A compact inverter is a small component installed on each solar panel to transform direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) locally. This technology enhances system performance, enables improved performance monitoring, and increases power output in solar energy setups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A photovoltaic cell is a unit that transforms sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. It is frequently used in solar arrays to offer a renewable and renewable energy resource. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | An PV (photovoltaic) system transforms sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a renewable energy technology that offers sustainable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon is a fundamental particle that represents a packet of light plus other electromagnetic radiation, carrying with it energy and momentum without having rest mass. It has a important role in the interactions between matter and electromagnetic fields, allowing phenomena including reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The solar photoelectric effect is the process by which specific substances convert sunlight straight into electricity through the generation of electron-hole pairs. This effect is the basic foundation behind solar panel systems, enabling the capturing of solar solar power for power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electronics is a slim slice of semiconductor material, typically silicon, used as the base for manufacturing integrated circuits. It serves as the primary platform where microchips are built through processes like doping, etching, and coating. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a super pure form of silicon used mainly in the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells and electronic devices due to its outstanding semiconductor properties. Its organized, neat crystal lattice enables efficient electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their light, pliable configuration, and ability to be fabricated over extensive surfaces at a more affordable price. They use thin semiconductor layers just several micrometers in thickness to effectively turn sunlight into electrical energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the permanent forces exerted by the mass of structural elements and fixed equipment, while live loads are transient forces such as users, furniture, and weather conditions. Both are essential considerations in structural design to maintain safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits connect components in a line, so the same current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits connect components across the same voltage source, allowing various paths for current. These arrangements influence the circuit's total resistance, current spread, and voltage drops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrification represents the speed at which electricity is conveyed by an electrical network, primarily for running devices and appliances. It is generated through diverse origins such as fossil fuels, nuclear, and renewable energy, and is essential for contemporary living. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A measure of power is a measure of power in the SI system, representing the rate of energy transfer or transformation. It is equivalent to one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electrical pressure difference between two points, which pushes the movement of electronic current in a circuit. It is measured in volts (V) and shows the energy per single charge available to move electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A electromotive force is the standard unit of electrical potential, voltage difference, and electromotive force in the SI system. It measures the electric energy per charge unit between points in an circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric current is the passage of electricity through a conductor wire, typically measured in amps. It is necessary for energizing electronic gadgets and allowing the functioning of electronic circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Amp is the measure of electric flow in the International System of Units, symbolized as A. It measures the movement of electrical charge through a conductor over a duration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load is the term for the quantity of electrical power or current demanded by appliances and Electrical load in a circuit. It influences the design and power of power systems to ensure safe and optimized energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction enclosure is an electrical housing used to safely house wire connections, providing a central point for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures neat and reliable connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 is a standardized photovoltaic connector used to attach solar panels in a safe and dependable manner. It features a click-in design with waterproof sealing, ensuring durability and optimal electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power provides a simple and standardized method of supplying electrical energy to devices through universal ports. It is often used for recharging and feeding a extensive range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power converter is a unit that changes direct current (DC) from inputs like accumulators or solar panels into AC suitable for home devices. It permits the operation of common electrical appliances in environments where only direct current electricity is accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | An battery pack serves as a collection of numerous individual batteries assembled to store and supply electrical energy for various devices. It provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Sun tracking devices automatically adjust the angle of solar panels to monitor the sun’s path throughout the 24 hours, enhancing solar energy capture. This system increases the effectiveness of solar energy collection by maintaining best solar array alignment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique used to optimize the power output of solar panel setups by constantly tuning the working point to match the optimal power point of the photovoltaic modules. This methodology ensures the highest efficiency power harvesting, especially under differing environmental factors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | An power optimizer functions as a device used in solar energy systems to boost energy output by individually enhancing the performance of each solar panel. It improves overall system efficiency by reducing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A photovoltaic performance monitor is a instrument that tracks and evaluates the performance of photovoltaic panel systems in instantaneous, offering important data on power output and system status. It assists enhance solar power output by detecting faults ahead of time and ensuring optimal output. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Lightweight solar cells are thin, multi-purpose photovoltaic devices made by depositing fine layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a affordable and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in different portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Solar cells convert sunlight directly into electricity through the solar energy conversion process, making them a eco-friendly energy source. They are frequently used in photovoltaic modules to power homes, devices, and complete solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a material composed of countless small silicon crystal structures, frequently used in photovoltaic panels and microchip production. Its manufacturing process involves melting and restructuring silicon to create a ultra-pure, polycrystalline structure appropriate for microelectronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Single-crystal silicon is a ultra-pure variant of silicon with a single crystal arrangement, making it highly efficient for use in solar cells and electronic components. Its homogeneous framework allows for better charge movement, resulting in superior efficiency compared to different silicon varieties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics represent a type of thin-film solar technology that offers a affordable and high-performance solution for extensive solar energy production. They are their excellent absorption efficiency and moderately low manufacturing fees versus traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CuInGaSe2 solar cells are laminate solar devices that employ a composite compound of copper, In, gallium, and selenium to turn sunlight into power effectively. They are recognized for their great light capturing efficiency, flexibility, and potential for portable, affordable solar power solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous silicon is a disordered molecular structure, making it more flexible and easier to deposit than crystalline silicon. It is often used in thin-film solar cells and electronic devices due to its economic advantage and flexible features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Advanced-generation photovoltaic cells aim to surpass traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing advanced materials and innovative techniques such as multi-junction stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on enhancing energy conversion, reducing costs, and expanding applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-junction solar panels are cutting-edge photovoltaic modules that use several p-n junctions layered in tandem to capture a wider spectrum of the solar spectrum, significantly boosting their efficiency. These are mostly used in space satellites and high-performance solar power installations due to their excellent energy conversion capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Solar panels on spacecraft are essential devices that convert sunlight into electric power to supply onboard instrumentation. Usually lightweight, long-lasting, and built for efficient operation in the demanding space environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are materials composed of two or more elements, typically involving a metal component and a non-metallic component, used in high-speed electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer superior performance in applications such as laser devices, LEDs, and high-speed transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | Gallium arsenide is a compound semiconductor known for its great electron mobility and efficiency in RF and optoelectronic applications. It is frequently used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV use optics or reflectors to direct sunlight onto highly efficient multi-junction solar cells, greatly enhancing energy transformation efficiency. This technology is suitable for massive solar power plants in zones with sunny sunlight, delivering a economical option for intensive energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Ultralight silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its slim and flexible form factor. It offers a economical alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in BIPV and mobile energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS thin-film solar cell utilize a delicate coating of copper indium gallium selenide as the photovoltaic material, known for high efficiency and flexibility. They offer a easy-to-handle, budget-friendly alternative to conventional silicon PV modules with reliable operation in different weather scenarios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film denotes a delicate layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in diverse technological fields. These coatings are vital in electronics, optics, and coatings for their unique physical and chemical characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Building-mounted solar PV systems harness solar energy to generate electricity directly on structure roofs, providing a renewable and economical energy solution. They help reduce reliance on fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to green initiatives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A layer of material is a sheet of material spanning fractions of a nanometer to multiple micrometers in depth, often placed on surfaces for functional purposes. These coatings are used in various industries, including electronics industry, light manipulation, and healthcare, to change surface traits or engineer certain device functions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nano units are measurement the same as one-billionth of a meter, commonly used to illustrate minuscule distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are essential in disciplines including nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for gauging structures and particles at the nano dimension. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Calipers are precision measuring instruments used to exactly measure tiny gaps or depths, generally in mechanical engineering and production. They feature a scaled screw mechanism that allows for accurate readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon disc is a slender, ring-shaped piece of silicon crystal used as the substrate for producing semiconductor devices. It acts as the core material in the manufacture of microchips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are flexible solar modules known for their superior output and adaptability, ideal for various uses. They employ a stratified layered semiconductor setup that converts sunlight directly into electricity with remarkable performance in low-light environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon silicon is a form of silicon used in solar cells, characterized by its several crystal grains that give it a speckled appearance. It is known for being cost-effective and having a moderately high efficiency in converting sunlight into electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Photovoltaic systems convert sunlight directly into energy using solar panels, supplying a sustainable energy source for household, commercial, and large-scale applications. They deliver a eco-friendly, long-lasting, and economical way to reduce reliance on non-renewable energy sources and lower greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A photo-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a photovoltaic device that converts sunlight into electrical energy using a light-sensitive dye to capture light and generate electron flow. It offers a cost-effective and versatile alternative to standard silicon-based solar cells, with opportunity for clear and thin applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanosized semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and conversion efficiency through quantum confinement effects. This technology offers the potential for cost-effective, flexible, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic solar cells are solar cells that employ carbon-based molecules, to transform sun's energy into electric power. They are lightweight, flexible, and provide cost-effective, extensive solar power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS (Copper is a advantageous semiconductor material used in thin-film solar cells due to its abundant and non-toxic elements. Its superior optoelectronic properties make it an attractive substitute for eco-friendly photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics integrated solar building solutions seamlessly incorporate photovoltaic technology into the design of construction components, such as roofing, building exteriors, and glazing. This modern approach enhances power savings while maintaining design elegance and structural performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to pass through a material bearing minimal distortion, allowing objects behind to be seen clearly. Translucency permits light to diffuse through, obscuring detailed visibility but still allowing shapes and light to transmit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window tinting involves placing a transparent film to the interior or exterior of automobiles or edifices glazing to block glare, heat, and ultraviolet rays. It improves privacy, increases energy efficiency, and gives a sleek aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A list of PV power stations details various massive solar energy facilities around the world, demonstrating their power and positions. These facilities function a important role in sustainable energy production and global efforts to lower carbon pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic energy plants are large-scale installations that transform sunlight straight into electricity using solar modules. They are crucial in renewable energy generation, cutting dependence on fossil fuels, and reducing carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental issues encompass a wide range of problems such as waste, climatic shifts, and deforestation that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires joint initiatives to promote green approaches and protect biodiverse environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Sustainable power comes from environmentally friendly sources that are renewably replenished, such as solar radiation, breezes, and hydropower. It offers a renewable solution to traditional fuels, decreasing environmental impact and promoting long-term energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Fossil fuels, such as coal, crude oil, and fossil gas, are limited reserves formed over extensive periods and are consumed when used. They are the primary energy sources for electrical energy and mobility but pose ecological and long-term viability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electricity generation involves converting various energy types such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear power, and green energy into electrical power. This process typically occurs in power plants where turbines and generators work together to produce electric current for grid delivery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are compact, toxic elements such as plumbum, mercury, metallic cadmium, and arsenic that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Photovoltaic performance measures how efficiently a solar panel transforms sunlight into usable energy. Boosting this efficiency is crucial for maximizing renewable energy production and cutting reliance on non-renewable resources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when radiation shining on a metallic surface ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle nature of light. This occurrence provided significant indication for the development of quantum theory by showing that light energy is discrete. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Enhanced life testing involves subjecting products to increased stresses to speedily determine their durability and estimate their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps identify potential failures and boost product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The growth of solar panels has accelerated rapidly over the past ten years, driven by innovations and reducing prices. This growth is transforming the international energy scene by increasing the share of clean solar power in electricity generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar relates to large solar power facilities intended to generate electricity on a business scale, supplying power directly to the grid. These installations typically cover vast areas and utilize photovoltaic panels or solar thermal systems to produce renewable energy efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optical element is a transparent instrument that bending light to focus or separate rays, producing images. It is commonly used in equipment like cameras, glasses, and microscopes to manipulate light for enhanced vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the angle between an incoming light ray and the normal line orthogonal to the surface at the point of contact. It determines how light interacts with the surface, influencing reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a delicate film applied to lens surfaces to cut down on glare and improve light transmission. It enhances the clarity and luminosity of screens by cutting down on stray reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Negative interference occurs when a couple of waves meet in such a way that their wave heights cancel each other out, resulting in a decrease or full disappearance of the combined wave. This occurrence typically happens when these waves are out of phase by half a cycle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | AC is a type of electrical flow that changes polarity, typically used in electrical distribution networks. The electrical potential changes in a sinusoidal pattern throughout its cycle, allowing cost-effective transfer over long distances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A compact inverter is a small entity used to convert direct current (DC) from a single solar panel into alternating current (AC) suitable for domestic use. It boosts system performance by optimizing energy production at the panel level and simplifies installation and maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | Alternating current power, or AC power, is electrical energy delivered through a setup where the voltage level and electric flow cyclically reverse polarity, enabling optimized transmission over extended ranges. It is commonly used in homes and factories to operate various appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A direct current connector is a category of electrical coupling used to deliver DC energy from a power source to an electronic device. It generally consists of a cylindrical plug and receptacle that ensure a firm and consistent link for various electronic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Labs is a international security approval organization that assesses and certifies products to guarantee they adhere to specific safety norms. It assists consumers and firms find trustworthy and protected products through thorough evaluation and testing methods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Serial circuits are electrical circuits in which elements are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current flow. In this arrangement, the identical current passes through all components, and the entire voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electronic circuits where components are connected across the same voltage source, providing multiple paths for current flow. This configuration allows units to operate separately, with the total current split among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | An diode acts as a electronic device that permits current to move in a single direction exclusively, acting as a one-way valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electrical networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An car auxiliary power outlet is a connection, typically 12V, designed to provide electrical power for various devices and add-ons within a car. It permits users to power electronic electronics or run small electronics during on the journey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a standard for connecting devices to computing systems, allowing information exchange and electric power. It backs a variety of peripherals such as keypads, mice, external storage, and smartphones, with various versions delivering faster speeds and upgraded features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency refers to the percentage of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell transforms into electrical energy. Improving this efficiency is essential to increasing energy output and making solar power affordable and eco-friendly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The NREL is a U.S. DOE federal research facility dedicated to research and development in green energy and energy efficiency technologies. It is committed to advancing breakthroughs in solar power, wind, biomass energy, and additional renewable sources to promote a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all types of electromagnetic radiation, ranging from radio waves to high-energy photons, each with diverse lengths and energies. This spectrum is crucial to a wide array of devices and natural phenomena, enabling data exchange, diagnostic imaging, and insight into the universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X-rays, primarily generated by the solar radiation. It serves a crucial role in including vitamin D production but can also cause skin harm and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic wave with extended wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Single-hued refers to a color palette based on shades of a single hue, using different shades, tints, and tones to create cohesion and unity. This design approach emphasizes minimalism and elegance by maintaining consistent color elements throughout a layout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the strength of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, usually measured in watts per square meter. It is a key parameter in areas like solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, showing the intensity of sunlight reaching a given area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a measurement unit used to quantify the strength of power or energy flow received or emitted over a particular surface, commonly in areas such as meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It helps in understanding the spread and transfer of radiation across surfaces, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the extent of various hues or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, visible or otherwise. It is commonly used to depict the dispersion of light or signal frequencies in different scientific and technological contexts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a large mass of atmosphere with relatively consistent temp and humidity properties, originating from particular source areas. These airmass influence weather patterns and atmospheric conditions as they pass through diverse areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar irradiance is the quantification of the intensity per unit area received from the solar source in the manner of light. It varies with solar activity and atmospheric factors on Earth, influencing climate and local weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Contamination in solar energy refers to the accumulation of dirt, and impurities on the panels of solar panels, which decreases their output. Regular cleaning and servicing are important to minimize energy waste and guarantee optimal operation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage is the maximum voltage obtainable from a power source when no current is flowing, spanning its terminals. It indicates the potential difference of a device when it is unplugged from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current represents the maximum electrical current that travels through a circuit when a short connection, or short circuit, takes place, bypassing the normal load. It presents a major safety hazard and can result in damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (W_peak) is a measure of the maximum power output of a solar panel under ideal sunlight conditions. It indicates the array's peak ability to generate electricity in conventional testing environments . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A voltmeter is an measuring tool used to measure the voltage between two locations in a electrical system. It is frequently utilized in numerous electrical and electronic setups to maintain proper voltage measurements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a issue in PV modules where high voltage stress causes a notable reduction in power generation and efficiency. It occurs due to current leakage and ion migration within the photovoltaic materials, leading to degradation over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is a metalloid element essential for plant growth and applied in various industrial applications, including glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It possesses distinctive chemical properties that render it valuable in manufacturing durable, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring optimal tilt and orientation for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand environmental conditions while providing a robust and long-lasting foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar-powered power plant captures sunlight using extensive arrays of photovoltaic modules to generate renewable electricity. It offers an eco-friendly energy source, diminishing reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the integrated approach of using land for both solar energy generation and farming, optimizing space and resources. This strategy enhances crop production while simultaneously generating renewable energy, fostering sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar cells are solar energy devices able to absorb sunlight on both sides, improving overall energy generation. They are commonly positioned in a way that enhances performance by utilizing albedo effect and bounced sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar-powered canopy is a structure that provides shelter while generating electricity through built-in solar panels. It is frequently installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to combine environmental benefits with functional design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar array is a assembly of numerous photovoltaic modules arranged to generate electricity from sunlight. It is often used in sustainable power systems to produce clean, sustainable power for multiple applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio cover is a construction that delivers shade and shelter from the elements for al fresco areas. It boosts the practicality and visual charm of a terrace, making it a pleasant zone for relaxation and entertainment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the measurement between the vertical direction directly overhead and the line of sight to a celestial object. It is employed in astronomy and meteorology to represent the position of bodies in the heavens relative to an onlooker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The compass bearing is a horizontal angle measured clockwise a reference heading, typically true north, to the line linking an surveyor to a target object. It is commonly used in navigation, mapping, and celestial observation to define the direction of an celestial body relative to the viewer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as falls from heights and electricity shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to rough climate and potential muscle strains pose significant occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a electronic material commonly employed in thin-film solar panels due to its superior efficiency and cost efficiency. It demonstrates outstanding optical properties, making it a popular choice for photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | A list of photovoltaics companies features the major manufacturers and suppliers focused on solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions across the globe. These companies play a crucial role in promoting solar energy adoption and innovation across different markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A GW is a quantity of electricity equal to 1,000,000,000 watts, used to measure big energy generation and utilization. It is typically associated with electricity stations, electricity networks, and large-scale power projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar Inc is a international leader in solar PV power solutions, expert in producing thin film-based solar panels that deliver high-performance and affordable energy production. The organization is focused on sustainable energy development and reducing the world dependency on fossil fuels through innovative solar solar innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology specializes in smoothly integrating various parts of industrial and automation systems to boost productivity and trustworthiness. It aims on creating cutting-edge solutions that promote seamless communication and interoperability among different technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is an top China's firm specializing in the manufacturing and development of photovoltaic solar items and systems. Renowned for cutting-edge technology and eco-friendly energy programs in the renewables industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of power equal to 1,000,000,000 watts, often utilized to describe the potential of large-scale power production or usage. It underscores the immense energy scale involved in modern energy framework and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Experience curve effects refer to the effect where the production cost decreases as total output grows, due to learning and efficiencies gained over time. This concept highlights the significance of stored knowledge in reducing costs and improving productivity in production and other processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaics transform sunlight straight into electricity using semiconductor elements, primarily silicon. This method is a pure, green energy source that assists reduce reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the price of generating solar or wind energy becomes equivalent to or lower than the expense of purchasing power from the power grid. Achieving grid parity means that sustainable energy technologies are economically comparable with traditional fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity acts as the primary electrical power supplied to residences and businesses through a grid of power lines, providing a consistent source of energy for various appliances. It generally operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, according to the region, and is delivered through alternating current. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) includes all components of a solar power system apart from the photovoltaic panels, including inverters, racking, wiring, and supplementary electrical hardware. It is essential for guaranteeing the optimum and reliable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Solar energy is harnessed from the sun's rays using photovoltaic panels to produce electricity or through thermal solar systems to produce heat. It is a sustainable, renewable, and environmentally friendly power supply that limits the use of fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are in domestic, commercial, and factory environments to create renewable, eco-friendly electricity from sunlight. They also drive remote and off-grid locations, providing green energy solutions where standard power grids are absent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A catalog of sun-powered items features a selection of gadgets that utilize sunlight to produce energy, encouraging eco-friendly and sustainable living. These solutions include ranging from solar energy units and lights to appliances and outdoor gear, delivering multi-purpose options for power needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An solar power plant is a installation that converts sunlight immediately into electricity using solar modules. It is a sustainable energy source that aids in decreasing reliance on non-renewable energy and limits greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems combine solar panels with additional energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to provide a reliable and efficient power supply. They enhance energy use by managing renewable resources and backup options, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics use lenses plus mirrors to focus sunlight on highly efficient solar cells, greatly increasing power output from less space. This method is particularly effective where intense, direct sunlight plus, it offers a promising approach to lowering solar power costs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
